¡¡¡¡·´ÇãÏú£ºÊÀ½çÐÔ¡°À§¾Ö¡±
¡¡¡¡°´ÕÕÄ¿Ç°Ö÷Á÷µÄ¹ú¼ÊóÒ×ÀíÂÛ£¬ÇãÏúÊôÓÚ²»Õýµ±¾ºÕùÐÐΪ£¬»á¶Ô½ø¿Ú¹úµÄ¹úÄÚ²úÒµÔì³ÉÑÏÖØË𺦡£Òò´Ë£¬·´ÇãÏú±¾ÉíÊÇÎ޿ɺñ·Ç¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÊÀ½çÉÏÔ½À´Ô½¶àµÄ¹ú¼ÒÕýÔÚÀÄÓ÷´ÇãÏú£¬¼´ÒÔ·´ÇãÏúÖ®ÃûÐÐóÒ×±£»¤Ö®Êµ¡£ÎªÁ˹淶ÊÀ½ç¸÷¹úµÄ·´ÇãÏúÐÐΪ£¬±ÜÃâ·´ÇãÏúµÄÀÄÓã¬WTOÖƶ¨ÓнÏΪÑÏÃܵġ¶·´ÇãÏúж¨¡·£¬±»³ÆΪ¡°ÊÀ½ç·´ÇãÏú·¨ÁìÓòµÄÒ»³¡¸ïÃü¡±¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚʵ¼Ê²Ù×÷ÖÐÈÔÈ»´æÔÚÐí¶à¼¼ÊõÐÔÎÊÌ⣬µ¼ÖÂÀÄÓ÷´ÇãÏúµÄÏÖÏó¾³£·¢Éú¡£
¡¡¡¡¸ù¾ÝWTOµÄͳ¼Æ£¬1995-2003Ä꣬WTO³ÉÔ±µÄ·´ÇãÏúÁ¢°¸Àۼƴï2416Æð¡£¹ýÈ¥£¬ÊµÊ©·´ÇãÏúµÄ¹ú¼Ò»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÃÀ¹ú¡¢Å·Ã˵ȷ¢´ï¹ú¼Ò£¬µ«ÏÖÔÚһЩ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒºóÀ´¾ÓÉÏ£¬Õ¼WTOÈ«²¿³ÉÔ±Á¢°¸×ÜÊýµÄ60%ÒÔÉÏ¡£ÆäÖУ¬Ó¡¶È·´ÇãÏúÁ¢°¸×ÜÊýΪ379Æ𣬾ÓÊÀ½çµÚ1룬±ÈÊÀ½çµÚ2λµÄÃÀ¹ú¶à52Æ𣬱ȵÚ3λµÄÅ·Ã˶à105Æð¡£´ËÍ⣬°¢¸ùÍ¢ºÍÄϷǵķ´ÇãÏúÁ¢°¸´ÎÊý·Ö±ðΪ180ÆðºÍ162Æ𣬾ÓÊÀ½çµÚ4ºÍµÚ5λ¡£´ÓÊÀ½ç·´ÇãÏúµÄ¶ÔÏóÀ´Ëµ£¬Öйú¾ÓµÚһλ£¬Îª356Æð£»ÆäËûÔâÊܹúÍâ·´ÇãÏú×î¶àµÄ¾¼ÃÌåÒÀ´Î·Ö±ðΪ£ºº«¹ú(182Æð)¡¢ÃÀ¹ú(135Æð)µÈ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÔÚWTO³ÉÔ±²ÉÈ¡µÄÉÏÊö·´ÇãÏúÐж¯ÖУ¬ÓÐÏ൱¶àµÄ°¸ÀýÊôÓÚ·´ÇãÏúµÄÀÄÓ㬴ӶøÒý·¢ÑÏÖصĹú¼Ê¾¼ÃĦ²Á¡£¸ù¾ÝWTOµÄͳ¼Æ£¬½ØÖÁ2003Äê7ÔÂÖÐÑ®£¬ÔÚWTOÊÜÀíµÄ313ÆðÕù¶ËÖУ¬·´ÇãÏúÁìÓòµÄÕù¶ËÃûÁÐǰ飬ÊýÁ¿¸ß´ï41Æð£¬Õ¼È«²¿Õù¶ËµÄ13%¡£Ëæ×ÅÊÀ½ç·´ÇãÏúÐж¯µÄÈÕÒæƵ·±ÒÔ¼°ÓÉ´ËÒý·¢µÄ¹ú¼ÊóÒ×Ħ²ÁÔ½À´Ô½¶à£¬¸÷¹ú±ãÏÝÈëÁËÕâÑùÒ»¸ö·Ç³£¡°ÞÏÞΡ±µÄ¾³µØ£ºÒ»·½Ã涼ÔÚ»ý¼«Ê¹Ó÷´ÇãÏú£¬¶øÁíÒ»·½ÃæÓÖ¾ùÉîÊÜ·´ÇãÏúÖ®º¦¡£
¡¡¡¡Öйú£ºÉîÊÜÆ亦
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÊÀ½ç·´ÇãÏúÐж¯ÖУ¬ÖйúÊ×µ±Æä³å£¬³ÉΪ×îÖ÷ÒªµÄ·´ÇãÏú¶ÔÏ󡣸ù¾ÝWTOµÄͳ¼Æ£¬1995-2003Ä꣬ÖйúÔâÊÜÆäËûWTO³ÉÔ±·´ÇãÏúÁ¢°¸´ÎÊýΪ356Æð£¬Õ¼WTO³ÉÔ±·´ÇãÏú×ÜÁ¿µÄ14.7%£¬ÆäÖÐ2003Ä꾹Ȼ¸ß´ï21.4%£»ÔâÊÜ×îÖÕ·´ÇãÏú´ëÊ©254Æð£¬Õ¼WTO³ÉÔ±·´ÇãÏú×ÜÁ¿µÄ16.8%£¬ÆäÖÐ1997Ä꾹Ȼ¸ß´ï26.6%¡£¶øͬÆÚÖйú³ö¿ÚÕ¼ÊÀ½ç³ö¿Ú×ܶîµÄ±ÈÖØÔò·Ç³£µÍ£¬2003ÄêÒ²Ö»ÓÐ6.0%¡£Õâ±íÃ÷Öйú³ö¿ÚÊܵ½¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏúË𺦵ÄƵÂÊ´ó´ó¸ßÓÚÒ»°ã¹ú¼Ò£¬ÓëÆäÕ¼ÊÀ½ç³ö¿Ú×ܶîµÄ±ÈÖطdz£²»Ïà³Æ¡£
¡¡¡¡´Ó·¢Õ¹Ì¬ÊÆÉÏ¿´£¬¹ýÈ¥Öйú³ö¿ÚÔâÓöµÄ·´ÇãÏúĦ²ÁºÜÉÙ£¬µ«Ëæ×Åʱ¼äµÄÍÆÒÆ£¬¹úÍâ¶ÔÖйú²ÉÈ¡µÄ·´ÇãÏúÐж¯´ÎÊý³ÖÐøÔö¼Ó£¬²¢³ÊÓúÑÝÓúÁÒÖ®ÊÆ¡£¸ù¾ÝÓйز¿ÃŵÄͳ¼Æ£¬ÉÏÊÀ¼Í80Äê´úƽ¾ùÿÄêÁ¢°¸6.5Æð£¬1990Äê´úÇ°°ëÆÚ(1991-1995Äê)ƽ¾ùÿÄêÁ¢°¸ÉÏÉýµ½31.8Æð£¬1990Äê´úºó°ëÆÚ(1996-2000Äê)ƽ¾ùÿÄêÁ¢°¸Êý½øÒ»²½ÉÏÉýµ½37.6Æð¡£½øÈë21ÊÀ¼ÍÒԺ󣬹úÍâ¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏú¸ü¼ÓƵ·±£¬2001-2003ÄêÁ¢°¸Êý·Ö±ð¸ß´ï55Æð¡¢51ÆðºÍ47ÆÚ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÔÙ´Ó¶ÔÖйúʵʩ·´ÇãÏúµÄÖ÷ÌåÀ´¿´£¬Ò²³ÊÏÖ²»¶ÏÂûÑÓÖ®ÊÆ¡£¹ýÈ¥ÖйúÔâÊܵķ´ÇãÏúÖ÷ÒªÀ´×ÔÅ·ÃÀ·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò£¬µ«½üÄêÀ´·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÈ´³ÉΪ¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏúµÄÖ÷Ìå¡£¸ù¾ÝWTOͳ¼Æ£¬1995-2003Ä꣬·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¶ÔÖйúµÄ·´ÇãÏúÁ¢°¸ÊýÁ¿Îª226Æð£¬Õ¼ÖйúËùÊÜ·´ÇãÏúÁ¢°¸×ÜÁ¿µÄ63.5%¡£ÆäÖУ¬Ó¡¶È¾ÓµÚ1λ£¬Õ¼ÖйúÔâÊܹúÍâ·´ÇãÏú×ÜÁ¿µÄ19.4%£¬Ã÷ÏÔ¸ßÓÚ¾ÓµÚ2¡¢3λµÄÃÀ¹ú(14.3%)ºÍÅ·ÃË(12.1%)¡£ÆäËû¶ÔÖйúʵʩ·´ÇãÏú½Ï¶àµÄ¹ú¼Ò»¹Óзֱð¾ÓµÚ4-6λµÄ°¢¸ùÍ¢(10.7%)¡¢ÍÁ¶úÆä(6.2%)ºÍÄÏ·Ç(5.1%)µÈ¹ú¡£
¡¡¡¡¹úÍâÈç´ËÑÏÖصķ´ÇãÏú¸øÖйú³ö¿ÚºÍÕû¸ö¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹¶¼´øÀ´Á˺ܴóµÄË𺦡£¸ù¾ÝÓйز¿ÃŵÄͳ¼Æ£¬1992-2001Ä꣬·´ÇãÏúÉæ¼°Öйú³ö¿Ú53ÒÚÃÀÔª¡£ÆäÖÐ2001ÄêÉæ¼°³ö¿Ú12.5ÒÚÃÀÔª£¬Õ¼µ±ÄêÖйúÒ»°ãóÒ׳ö¿ÚµÄ1%¡£2002ÄêÉæ¼°µÄ½ð¶îÓÐËùϽµ£¬µ«2003ÄêÓÖÔö¼Óµ½18.75ÒÚÃÀÔª£¬Õ¼µ±ÄêÖйúÒ»°ãóÒ׳ö¿ÚµÄ±ÈÖس¬¹ýÁË1%¡£×ۺϿ¼ÂÇ·´ÇãÏúµÄÑÓÐøЧӦµÈ¸÷ÖÖÒòËØ£¬·´ÇãÏúÒÑΣ¼°ÖйúÒ»°ãóÒ׳ö¿ÚµÄ5%—10%¡£
¡¡¡¡ÖйúÔµºÎÉîÏÝ·´ÇãÏú
¡¡¡¡ÖйúÖ®ËùÒÔ³ÉΪÊÀ½ç·´ÇãÏúµÄ¡°ÖØÔÖÇø¡±£¬ÔÒò·Ç³£¸´ÔÓ¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÖйúÔÚ·´ÇãÏúÖеķÇÊг¡¾¼ÃµØλÕÐÖ¹úÍâ¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏúµÄ·ºÀÄ¡£ÓÉÓÚÄ¿Ç°Ðí¶à¹ú¼ÒÔÚʵʩ·´ÇãÏúʱ²»¸øÓèÖйúÆóÒµÊг¡¾¼ÃµÄ´ýÓö£¬ÔÚÈ·¶¨Öйú³ö¿Ú²úÆ·µÄÕý³£¼Ûֵʱ£¬ÍùÍù¾Ü¾ø²ÉÓÃWTO¹æÔòËù¹æ¶¨µÄ½ÏΪ¿ÆѧºÏÀíµÄ·½·¨£¬¶øÊDzÉÓÃËùν¡°µÚÈý¹úµÄÌæ´ú¼Û¸ñ¡±£¬¼´ÒÔÓëÖйú²úƷûÓÐÈκιØϵµÄµÚÈý¹úµÄ¼Û¸ñ×÷ΪÅж¨±ê×¼¡£¡°Ìæ´ú¹úÖƶȡ±´ó´óÔöÇ¿Á˹úÍâ¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏúµÄËæÒâÐÔºÍÎä¶ÏÐÔ¡£ÓÈÆäÊǽø¿Ú¹úÕþ¸®¾³£Ñ¡ÔñÓÐÀûÓÚÅж¨Öйú²úÆ·ÇãÏúµÄµÚÈý¹úÊг¡¼Û¸ñ£¬ÕâÖÖÏÈÈëΪÖ÷µÄ×ö·¨ÊǼ«Æä²»¹«Æ½ºÍ²»¿ÆѧµÄ£¬ÍùÍùµ¼Ö·´ÇãÏúµÄÀÄÓá£ÀýÈ磬1988ÄêÅ·ÃËÔø¾Ñ¡ÔñÈËÁ¦³É±¾±ÈÖйú¸ß20±¶µÄмÓÆÂ×÷ΪÌæ´ú¹ú£¬Öйú²ÊµçÆóÒµ±ØÈ»»á±»²Ã¶¨ÎªÇãÏú¡£
¡¡¡¡¹ÌÈ»£¬¹úÍâ¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏúµÄÆçÊÓÐÔ×ö·¨ÊÇÖйúÉîÏÝ·´ÇãÏú¡°ÖØΧ¡±µÄÖ÷ÒªÔÒò£¬µ«ÎÒÃÇÒ²Ó¦¸Ã¿´µ½£¬³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´£¬ÖйúÐí¶à²úÆ·µÄ³ö¿ÚÖÈÐò·Ç³£»ìÂÒ£¬ÍùÍùÊÇijһÆóÒµ¿ª±ÙÁËijһ¹ú¼ÊÊг¡£¬ÖÚ¶àÆóÒµ±ã¾ºÏà½øÈ룬¶ñÐÔ¾ºÕù£¬µÍ¼ÛÇãÏúʱÓз¢Éú¡£ÀýÈ磬ǰ¼¸ÄêÔÚ¹úÄÚÊÛ¼Û100Ôª×óÓÒµÄÊé°ü£¬³ö¿Úµ½¶«Å·Êг¡ºó£¬ÓÉÓÚ¶ñÐÔ¾ºÕù£¬ÊÛ¼ÛÖ»ÓÐ20Ôª×óÓÒ£¬ÊôÓÚÃ÷ÏÔµÄÇãÏúÐÐΪ¡£ÓÖÈ磬ͬÑùÊǹúÄÚÆóÒµ¶ñÐÔ¾ºÕùµÄÔÒò£¬Öйú³ö¿Úµ½ÃÀ¹úÊг¡µÄ21Ó¢´ç²Êµç¼Û¸ñÔڶ̶̵Ä3ÄêÄھʹÓ199ÃÀÔªÈñ½µÖÁ69ÃÀÔª¡£
¡¡¡¡´ËÍ⣬¹úÄÚÆóÒµºÍÕþ¸®²¿ÃŲ»»ý¼«Ó¦ËßÒ²ÊÇÖйúƵÔâ¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏúµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÔÒò¡£µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹ÖйúʼÖÕûÓÐËßÖîWTOÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖÆ£¬ÖÂʹËû¹ú¿ÉÒÔºÁÎ޹˼ɵضԻª·´ÇãÏú¡£
¡¡¡¡Ó¦¶Ô·´ÇãÏúÐèÒª±ê±¾¼æÖÎ
¡¡¡¡Ãæ¶ÔÈÕÒæƵ·±µÄ¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏú£¬¹úÄÚÆóÒµ¡¢ÐÐҵлáºÍÓйØÕþ¸®²¿ÃÅÓ¦¸Ã¼ÓÇ¿·Ö¹¤ºÍÐ×÷£¬½¨Á¢Õþ¸®¡¢ÆóÒµºÍÐÐҵлᡰÈýλһÌ塱µÄ·´ÇãÏúÓ¦¶Ô»úÖÆ¡£¸ù¾Ý¹ú¼Ê¾Ñ飬Õþ¸®Óйز¿ÃÅ×÷Ϊºê¹Û¹ÜÀíÕߣ¬Ó¦¸ÃÔÚÈçÏ·½ÃæÇ¿»¯Ö°ÄÜ£ºÒ»ÊÇÔÚÆóÒµºÍÐÐҵлáµÄÅäºÏϽ¨Á¢·´ÇãÏúÔ¤¾¯»úÖÆ£¬¾¡Á¿±ÜÃâ¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏú£»¶þÊǼÓÇ¿ÔÚ¾ßÌå·´ÇãÏúÓ¦Ëß¹ý³ÌÖеÄе÷ºÍ·þÎñ¹¤×÷£»ÈýÊÇ»ý¼«ÀûÓÃWTOÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖÆÀ´Ó¦¶Ô¹úÍâ²»ºÏÀíµÄ·´ÇãÏúÐÐΪ¡£¶ÔÓÚÆóÒµÀ´Ëµ£¬Ê×ÏÈÒªÔÚÈÕ³£¾Óª»î¶¯ÖÐʵÐзûºÏ¹ú¼Ê¹æ·¶µÄ²ÆÎñÖƶȣ¬Í¬Ê±Òª±ÜÃâÇãÏú³ö¿Ú£»¶øÒ»µ©ÔâÓö¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏúÁ¢°¸£¬Ó¦¸Ãת±ä¹ÛÄ»ý¼«Ó¦Ëß¡£ÐÐҵлá×÷Ϊ±¾²¿ÃÅËùÓÐÆóÒµµÄºÏ×÷×éÖ¯£¬ÔÚÔ¤·ÀºÍÓ¦Ëß¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏúÖд¦ÓÚºËÐĺÍÖ÷µ¼µØλ¡£ÕâÖ÷Òª±íÏÖÔÚÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ã棺һÊÇе÷³ö¿Ú¼Û¸ñ£¬±ÜÃâÇãÏú³ö¿Ú£»¶þÊǽ¨Á¢·´ÇãÏúÔ¤¾¯ÏµÍ³£¬¼à¿Ø¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏú¶¯Ì¬£»ÈýÊÇ´ú±í»òÐÖú±¾²¿ÃÅÆóÒµ¶ÔÍâÓ¦Ëß¡£¹úÄÚ¸÷ÐÐҵлáÒª³ä·Ö·¢»ÓÉÏÊö×÷Óã¬Ê×ÏÈÐèÒª°´ÕÕÊг¡¾¼ÃºÍ¿ª·Å¾¼ÃµÄÒªÇó¶Ô×ÔÉíÌåÖƽøÐиĸÕæÕý³ÉΪÄÜÌṩ¸÷ÖÖÓÐЧ·þÎñµÄÐÐÒµºÏ×÷×éÖ¯¡£
¡¡¡¡Ó¦¸Ã˵£¬ÉÏÊöÕþ¸®¡¢ÆóÒµºÍÐÐҵлᡰÈýλһÌ塱µÄÓ¦¶Ô»úÖƶÔÓÚÔ¤·ÀºÍ»¯½â¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏú¿ÉÒÔÆ𵽺ܻý¼«µÄ×÷Óᣵ«ÊÇ£¬Òª´Ó¸ù±¾É϶ôÖƹúÍâ¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏúµÄÂûÑÓÊÆÍ·£¬±ØÐë½â¾öÖйúÔÚ·´ÇãÏúÖеķÇÊг¡¾¼ÃµØλÎÊÌâ¡£ÕâÒ»·½ÃæÐèÒªÎÒÃÇÉ¾¼ÃÌåÖƸĸ¾¡¿ì½¨Á¢½ÏΪÍêÉƵÄÊг¡¾¼ÃÌåÖÆ£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚ±ÜÃâÕþ¸®Ö±½Ó¸ÉÔ¤ÆóÒµ¾Óª»î¶¯¡¢Àí˳Õþ¸®Óë¹úÓÐÆóÒµµÄ¹Øϵ¡¢ÊµÏÖÉú²úÒªËؼ°Æä¼Û¸ñÊг¡»¯·½ÃæÒª¼Ó´ó¸Ä¸ïÁ¦¶È¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÐèÒªÎÒÃÇͨ¹ý¸÷ÖÖË«±ßºÍ¶à±ß̸ÅУ¬ÔçÈÕÈ¡µÃËû¹ú¶ÔÖйúÊг¡¾¼ÃµØλµÄ³ÐÈÏ¡£
¡¡¡¡(¸å¼þÀ´Ô´£º¡¶Ñ§Ï°Ê±±¨¡·£¬×÷ÕߣºÁõÁ¦)